An essential amino acid important for protein synthesis.
A signaling pathway involved in cell growth and survival.
Immune cells that engulf and digest cellular debris and microbes.
Enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix components.
A chemical modification that regulates gene expression.
The circulation of blood in the smallest blood vessels.
Cytoskeletal structures that provide cellular support and transport.
Organelles responsible for producing cellular energy (ATP).
The regulation of biological responses through control mechanisms.
The total mass of a molecule, often measured in daltons.
Laboratory-engineered antibodies targeting specific antigens.
A hormone that stimulates gastrointestinal motility.
Membrane proteins spanning the lipid bilayer multiple times.
An increase in muscle size due to resistance training.
A protective covering around nerve fibers that enhances signal transmission.
A protein that inhibits muscle growth by limiting cell proliferation.
Peptides that support muscle growth and function.
The process by which NAD+ influences cellular energy production.
The regulation of nervous system activity through chemical signals.
Small proteins involved in brain function and signaling.
Chemical messengers that transmit signals across nerve synapses.
An enzyme responsible for nitric oxide production.
Molecular building blocks of DNA and RNA.
Short peptides made up of a few amino acids.
Peptides linked to cancer development or suppression.
Peptides that bind to opioid receptors, influencing pain and mood.
The fraction of a drug absorbed into circulation when taken orally.
Cellular damage caused by free radicals.
A protein kinase involved in cellular signaling.
Peptides produced by the pancreas for metabolic regulation.
Cell signaling where molecules act on nearby cells.
An enzyme that breaks down peptides into smaller fragments.
A bond that connects amino acids in peptides and proteins.
A collection of peptides used for research and drug development.
The order of amino acids in a peptide or protein.
The study of how drugs affect biological systems.
The study of how drugs move through the body.
The addition of phosphate groups to molecules, activating enzymes.
A precursor of plasmin, an enzyme that dissolves blood clots.
Long chains of amino acids that form proteins.
Modifications made to proteins after they are synthesized.
Compounds that inhibit enzymes that break down proteins.
The process by which proteins achieve their functional 3D shape.
The interaction between two or more proteins to function properly.
A measure of a molecule's ability to convert absorbed energy into useful work.
The arrangement of multiple protein subunits in a complex.
The process of protein synthesis from messenger RNA.
The attachment of radioactive isotopes to molecules for tracking.
The activation of a receptor by a specific ligand.
Peptides produced through genetic engineering techniques.
A field of medicine focused on regenerating damaged tissues and organs.
Providing research-based education on peptide science, reconstitution, and application principles.
