Proteins that transport substances across cell membranes.
The biological process of repairing damaged cartilage tissue.
A metabolic state where complex molecules are broken down to release energy.
The ability of an enzyme to catalyze a chemical reaction.
The process by which cells attach to one another or to extracellular structures.
The process where a cell changes from one type to another with specialized functions.
Proteins that transmit signals across the cell membrane.
A process that allows cells to communicate and respond to their environment.
Proteins that assist in folding and assembling other proteins.
The spatial arrangement of electric charge in a molecule.
The movement of cells toward or away from a chemical stimulus.
A point in a molecule where mirror-image isomers can exist.
Molecules that have non-superimposable mirror images.
The breakdown and utilization of cholesterol in the body.
Specialized cells that produce and maintain cartilage tissue.
A prolonged immune response that can contribute to tissue damage and chronic diseases.
A technique for studying protein structure using polarized light.
A type of isomerism involving molecular rotation around a bond.
The process of breaking down a molecule into smaller components, often through enzymatic action.
Research studies conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments.
Organic molecules that assist enzyme function.
A structural protein that provides strength and elasticity to connective tissues.
A type of enzyme inhibition where an inhibitor binds to the active site.
A part of the immune system that enhances the ability to clear microbes and damaged cells.
The three-dimensional shape of a protein or peptide that determines its function.
Peptides chemically linked to other molecules for stability or function.
Strong chemical bonds that link atoms in a molecule, crucial for protein stability.
The formation of covalent bonds between molecules to enhance structural stability.
A chemical process where a molecule forms a ring structure.
Small proteins that regulate immune and inflammatory responses.
The fluid inside cells that contains organelles and other cellular components.
The process by which cells protect themselves from damage and stress.
Proteins that provide structural support to cells.
The process by which cells replicate their DNA before division.
The design of novel peptides from scratch.
A peptide consisting of ten amino acids.
The breakdown of molecules into smaller units, often necessary for cellular processes.
The alteration of a protein’s structure due to external factors like heat or pH changes.
Immune cells that help process and present antigens to T-cells.
A sequencing method used to determine unknown peptide structures.
Angles describing peptide backbone conformation.
The combination of two identical or similar molecules to form a dimer.
Proteins that lack a stable three-dimensional structure.
Bonds between sulfur atoms in proteins that contribute to stability and function.
The interaction between a small molecule and a receptor or protein target.
Related to the neurotransmitter dopamine, which influences mood and motor control.
The reduction in receptor activity in response to continuous exposure to a stimulus.
A chemical modification in peptides that enhances stability and extends half-life.
A balance between forward and reverse reactions in a system.
An imbalance in lipid levels that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
A spectroscopy technique for studying unpaired electrons in molecules.
Providing research-based education on peptide science, reconstitution, and application principles.
